P.26 From a Lacanian perspective, the presupposition of psychoanalysis has always been that the symbolic can have an impact upon the real, ciphering and thereby transforming or reducing it. Depicted schematically, the symbolic bars the real, overwriting and erasing it.

By getting an analysand to dream, daydream, and talk, however incoherently, about a traumatic "event," we make him or her connect it up with words, bring it into relation with ever more signifiers.

By inciting the analysand to say it and bring it into relation with ever more signifiers, it undergoes "dialectization," being drawn into the dialectic or movement of the analysand's discourse and set in motion.

P.38 Jakobson points out that there are:

(1) messages that refer to other messages-quotations, for example, in which a previous message is included in a current one (message -> message);

(2) messages that refer to the code-as, for example, " 'puppy' designates a young dog," which provides the meaning of an element of the code, in other words, its definition (message -> code);

(3) elements of the code that refer to the code itself, such as proper names, for " 'Jerry' refers to a person named Jerry" -that name designates whoever it is that bears or is called by that name (code -> code).

(4) elements in a code that refer to the message, the example he provides being that of personal pronouns, such as "I," "you," "he," "she," and so on (code - > message).

P.43 Descartes' subject who says " I" corresponds to the level of the ego, a constructed self taken to be the master of its own thoughts and whose thoughts are believed to correspond to "external reality." Such a one-dimensional self believes that it is the author of its own ideas and thus has no qualms about affirming "I think."

This Cartesian subject is characterized by what Lacan calls "false being" (Seminar XV), and this false being manifests itself every time an analysand says, " I'm the kind of person who's independent and free-thinking"; or " I did what I did because it was the magnanimous thing to do, and I always strive to be not only fair but generous."

A fixed self is posited in such statements, the unconscious being rejected; it is as though such an analysand were saying to his or her analyst, "I can tell you all about myself because I know. I don't kid myself, I know where I stand."

之前看也不覺得這麼好看⋯⋯也想將A Clinical Introduction to Lacanian Psychoanalysis都看完。

因為沒有辦法從現代心理學中找到答案（雖然將問題固定在是童年創傷方面還是有效的），有段時間很著迷精神分析將人的根本寫得很變態，現在也很喜歡⋯⋯