ich frage, du fragst, er/es/sie fragt

wir fragen, ihr fragt, sie/Sie fragen

add 'e' between -t/-d stem ich antworte, du antwortest, er antwortet, wir antworten, ihr antwortet, sie/Sie antworten

[tun]: ich tue, du tust, er tut, wir tun, ihr tut, sie/Sie tun

[sein] ich bin, du bist, er ist, wir sind, ihr seid, sie sind

[preference] Was spielst du lieber, Karten oder Scrabble? // Ich spiele lieber Scrabble.

[der- words]: dieser, jeder, welcher, der

[all inflection will be in M/N/F order]

dieser, dieses, diese, diese
jeder, jedes, jede, jede
welcher, welches, welche, welche

der, das, die, die

[ein- words] ein, kein, mein, dein, sein/sein/ihr, unser, euer, ihr, Ihr

all follow [ein, ein, eine, keine] pattern except the euer which loses its second -e- if it takes a terminal e; [euer, euer, eure, eure]

[ADJECTIVE DECLENSIONS IN NOMINATIVE CASE]

[der- word + adjective] very easy, der- words are expressive wrt gender and number, adjectives are mostly in the clear-- [-e, -e, -e, -en]

der rote Pulli, das blaue Hemd, die weiße Jacke, die braunen Schuhe

[ein- word + adjective] masculine & neuter ein- words are identical, so adjective endings must show gender. also still shows number in plural

[-er, -es, -e, -en]

ein roter, ein rotes, eine rote, keine roten

[unpreceded adjectives] take der- word endings exactly, or ein- + adjective endings without the plural marker, however you wanna look at it

[-er, -es, -e, -e]

any -er or -el adjective loses the -e- when it takes an ending, e.g. dunkel > dunkler, teuer > teure

[ACCUSATIVE CASE]

easy peasy lemon squeezie, only change the masculine pronoun & adjective ending

der > den, ein > einen

also interrogative pronoun wer > wen

often used to express specific moments OR durations of time, e.g. diesen Freitag; einen Monat

[ADJECTIVE ENDINGS IN ACCUSATIVE CASE] really easy, same as above except for masculine

der: diesen roten

ein: einen roten

unpreceded: roten

tada

[VERBS: STEM VOWEL CHANGE]

only irregular in the du and er/es/sie forms

e > i, e > ie, a > ä, au > äu

[e > i] examples: essen, geben, nehmen, sprechen, versprechen, werden

ich spreche, du sprichst, er spricht, wir sprechen, ihr sprecht, sie/Sie sprechen

ich nehme, du nimmst, er nimmt, wir nehmen, ihr nehmt, sie/Sie nehmen

etc

[e > ie] examples: lesen, sehen

ich lese, du liest, er liest, wir lesen, ihr lest, sie/Sie lesen

ich sehe, du siehst, er sieht, wir sehen, ihr seht, sie/Sie sehen

[a > ä] examples: backen, fahren, halten, lassen, schlafen, tragen, waschen

ich backe, du bäckst, er bäckt, wir backen, ihr backt, sie backen

[au > äu] laufen

ich laufe, du läufst.... etc thats pretty much it

sein / heißen act as = and do not take direct objects, stays in nominative

es gibt takes a DO

[MODAL VERBS] i love these guys

there are six: können, müssen, wollen, dürfen, sollen, mögen [and möchte, the modal scrappy doo]

all stem change in singular EXCEPT sollen, and all have irregular 1st & 3rd person singulars otherwise

1) no umlauts in non-subjunctive modal singular verb forms

2) 1st & 3rd singular take no endings

können: ich kann, du kannst, er kann, wir können, ihr könnt, sie können

müssen: (i always forget if it has an umlaut! it does) ich muss, du musst, er muss, wir müssen, ihr müsst, sie müssen

wollen: ich will, du willst, er will, wir wollen, ihr wollt, sie wollen

dürfen: ich darf, du darfst, er darf, wir dürfen, ihr dürft, sie dürfen

sollen: (only non stem change!) ich soll, du sollst, er soll, wir sollen, ihr sollt, sie sollen

mögen: ich mag, du magst, er mag, wir mögen, ihr mögt, sie mögen

some things to keep in mind about these beasts! they're modal verbs, which means they're verbs that modify other verbs, with one exception

ich kann = i can
ich muss = i must
ich will = i want
ich darf = i may
ich soll = i should
ich mag = i like

mögen is the weird exception; it's only used to talk about nouns (in the DO), not with infinitives. if you want to express liking for an infinitive (e.g. an activity) use gern

and accordingly, the 6.5th modal, möchte, is the subjunctive form of mögen; where "ich mag = i like," "ich möchte" = i would like

thus it is a polite way of making requests, as in a restaurant

[möchte] ich möchte, du möchtest, er möchte, wir möchten, ihr möchtet, sie möchten

lets see... oh, negating modal verbs is a little sticky in german, its more literal than english

"ich muss nicht" does not mean "i must not," but rather "i am not required to"

"i must not" can be expressed with dürfen: "ich darf nicht," i am not allowed, i may not

sollen is a little sticky too, but in a more idiomatic way that i dont really have a feel for yet; it expresses "an expectation, duty, or obligation," not a suggestion like we use it in english

it's more "supposed to." e.g. "you should be at school right now" vs. "you should be happy about your raise"

"you are supposed to be at school right now"

like basically all verbs ever, modal verbs take the second position in a sentence, which placement pushes their infinitive back to the very end of the clause

incidentally, that will recombine separable prefix verbs into one word

in subordinating conjunctions, the modal goes to the end of the sentence, and the infinitive takes the penultimate slot

soo example 1: Du musst auch fortgehen und reich werden.

example 2: Weißt du zufällig, ob ich irgendwie mogeln kann?

OH YEAH on the topic of modals without infinitives, like mögen

there are times when the infinitive verb can be omitted from the sentence. basically this is when it's very obvious what the omitted verb should be, but its really cool

[obvious verbs of motion]: if the modal is used with a verb of motion, and an ADVERB OF PLACE clearly indicates that motion, the infinitive can be left off (COOL)

this is especially cool in the case of separable prefix verbs, which are basically verbs that contain adverbs; typically on conjugation the adverb will separate from the verb and go elsewhere in the sentence

while the verb hangs out wherever the verb is supposed to go

EXAMPLE: "Ich will zu Frau Holle zurückkommen."
>
"Ich will züruck zu Frau Holle."

so when you're using a modal, the verb (kommen) can be omitted, but the separable prefix (zurück) remains to indicate direction

In English it doesn't really work, but it sounds faintly right in an antiquated way? "I must go to Miss Holle's" becomes "I must to Miss Holle's"

or, as in this specific example, "I must go back to Frau Holle" > "I must back to Frau Holle" (sub'd muss for will)

basically in sep-pref verbs, the prefix ditches the verb and joins the adverbial phrase of place

[ability/skill]: the second type of infinitive omission, used:
1. with the verb können, if the omitted verb is sprechen and the object is the name of a language

2. w/ tun (to do) when the object makes it clear that "tun" is whats missing

Können Sie Deutsch sprechen? > Können Sie Deutsch?

Ja, natürlich kann ich das tun! > Ja, natürlich kann ich das!

the latter being quite common in english, too; "Yeah, of course I can do that!" > "Yeah, of course I can!" roughly

hm hmhmmhm what else can i say about modal verbs

ich möchte gern = i would really like to
ich möchte lieber = i would prefer to

möchte is actually used with verbs as well as nouns, shouldve mentioned that

oh, and i mentioned that sollen =/= suggestion, but you CAN express suggestion by using either müssen or sollen in the subjunctive (müsste, sollte)

[SEPARABLE PREFIX VERBS]

ausgehen > Ich gehe heute aus.
Ich muss heute ausgehen.

pretty simple

mmm negation goes in the second-to-last place

Ich gehe heute nicht aus.

some verb/noun or verb/verb buddies function as sep. pref. verbs even though they're separate words; e.g. Ski laufen, joggen gehen

Er geht heute joggen.

[IMPERATIVES}

there are 3 forms of imperative: SIe, ihr, and du

there are 3 forms of imperative: Sie, ihr, and du

1. Sie = infinitive + Sie.
Kommen Sie! Gehen Sie! Wiederholen Sie!

sein is irregular in the Sie imperative: Seien Sie!

Here's a SP verb in an imperative sentence:

Rufen Sie mich bitte morgen an!

pretty standard

2. ihr = just the ihr form of the conjugated verb with no pronoun

Kommt! Nehmt! Seid!

3. du = just the verb stem

Lass mich in ruhe! Komm!

if the verb has a stem vowel change, the du imperative uses the changed stem; Nimm! Iss!

if the stem ends in -d or -t, add an -e

Rede! Antworte!

[CONJUNCTIONS]

coordinating: aber, beziehungsweise jfc thats a word, denn, entweder... oder..., oder, sondern, und, weder... noch...

subordinating: als, bevor, dass, ob, weil

word order changes in subordinating clauses, obviously

subordinating clauses count as one element of the sentence, so if they begin the sentence the verb will immediately follow them and there will be back to back verbs separated by a comma

hmmhmhmhm [MISC]

gern haben = affection, as in "Ich habe Maria sehr gern."

pronoun man as in "wie sagt man ___"

FLAVORING PARTICLES

doch and/or mal, especially in imperative sentences

bitte can either make an imperative into a request, or intensify a command

so.... whatever for flavoring particles

oh, also denn which only occurs in questions and expresses curiosity, interest, or irritation

denn is also a coordinating conjunction meaning "because"

dann is an adverb that means then, as in "following that"

and that concludes one semester of german, thanks for listening