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Jim Crow Laws: State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States, existing from the late 19th century into the mid-20th century.吉姆·克勞法 - 維基百科，自由的百科全書

美大學優惠弱勢族群違憲 亞裔為何情緒複雜？｜天下雜誌

美國大學招生「平權政策」，到底幫了誰？｜Vickie Tung／北加州洋行｜換日線

Jamal lives in a poor, predominantly African-American neighborhood, while his friend Kevin resides in a wealthy, mostly white neighborhood.

Disparities in school funding, classroom conditions, and access to educational resources are evident between their respective districts.

Decades after the Civil War, government agencies practiced redlining, dividing cities into investment-worthy and undesirable sections.

Redlining systematically blocked black neighborhoods from financial opportunities, including loans and services, perpetuating racial inequality.

The impact persists, with a 2017 study revealing a significant wealth gap – for every $100 held by a white family, black families possess only $5.04.

Implicit biases play a crucial role in systemic racism, affecting individuals unconsciously.

Despite identical qualifications, Jamal faces fewer job opportunities due to implicit bias, as studies show resumes with white-sounding names receive more callbacks.