要考托福 整理一下

先整理連接詞的使用

1.Because
其實是兩個子句(clauses)的連接，具有因果關係，放在句子中間沒有逗號。
(1) Everyone left early because Mark and Helen had an argument.
(前面是main clause) (後面是 subordinate clause)
(2) Because they were so tired, they went to bed at 9 pm.
(前面是subordinate clause) (後面是main clause)
Because of 也是因果關係，後面接原因，只可以放名詞，不可放子句。
ex. Because of the rain, the tennis match was stopped.

Because-clause不會單獨的用在正式的寫作中。在口語跟寫作都經常使用because-clause
錯誤示範: ...a new import tax. Because people were importing cars from abroad.

cos 念起來像cuz，是because的非正式用法，可以用在寫作跟對話。
ex. I'm laughing cos I'm happy.

2.As 和Since
相對Because，沒有那麼常用。特別強調原因時使用，使用較為正式，會在使用時前面加上逗號。
(1) I hope they've decided to come as I wanted hear about their India trip.
(2)They're rather expensive, since they're quite hard to find.
放在句首的用法也很常見
(1)Since everything can be done from home with computers and telephones, there's no need to dress up for work any more.

(2)As everyone already knows each other, there's no need for introductions. We'll get straight into the business of the meeting.
在問句中，不使用since或是as，而是使用because。
ex. Are you feeling unwell because you ate too much?

需要注意，除了2個字的連接詞以外，使用1個字的連接詞時，一個句子不會有兩個連接詞。
錯誤示範：
Because my alarm didn't go off, so I was late for work.
正確版：
Because my alarm didn't go off, I was late for work.

As 作為a.連接詞
a-1意思：在那時(during the time that)
ex. They arrived while we were leaving.
a-2意思：表示原因
ex. I went to bed at 9 pm. as I had a plane to catch at 6 am.
a-3意思：表示「以...方式」(in the way that)
ex. As the forecast predicted, the weather was dreadful for the whole of the weekend.
b.介係詞：作為某種腳色(role)或是目的(purpose)
ex. I worked as a waiter when I was a student.

Since 也是引出從屬子句(subordinate clause)的單字
ex. Sean had no reason to take taxi since his flat was near enough to walk to.
也可以指回去過去特定時點 (since+date) or (since+ noun phrase)，意思上跟「自從...」同
ex. It was the band’s first live performance since May 1990.
ex. I have been happily married for 26 years, since the age of 21.

3.But
會用在對等蛋相反的概念上，是連接詞的一種。
ex. I love fruit but I am allergic to strawberries.
ex. I'd love to go for pizza with you but not tonight.
也會用在除了(except)的概念中
ex. Everyone but Anna has checked in.
ex. Everyone but me(所有格!) has paid.
ex. Everyone but she(主格，正式用法) knew how the drama was going to end.
But for+原因，這個原因讓某件事沒發生。

ex. But for the traffic, I would have been here an hour ago.
All but表示「幾乎完成」
ex. I had all but finished the essay when the computer crashed and I lost it all.

剛剛查到連接詞的分類
1,對等連接詞 (coordinating conjunctions)
2.從屬連接詞 (subordinating conjunctions)
3.關聯連接詞 (correlative conjunctions)
4.副詞連接詞 (conjunctive adverbs)

1.對等連接詞
連接兩個以上的獨立子句，通常會使用逗號。
ex. I'd like to go to the party, but I'm feeling under the weather.
ex. The food arrived, and everyone started eating.
ex. They should either go to dinner or movie.
對等連接詞表 FANBOYS
for/and/ nor/ but/ or/ yet/ so

2.從屬連接詞
從屬子句會跟著從屬連接詞，可以呈現對比關係或是相似關係。
ex. While you're here, could you help me with something?
ex. Though she loves to play basketball, she didn't try out for the team.
ex. They don't want to swim because it is too cold.

從屬連接詞表 ON A WHITE BUS
only if, once/ now that/ although, after, as/ while, when, whereas, whenever, whether/ how/ if, in case, in order that/ though/ even though, even if/ because, before/ until, unless/ since, so, so that

(1)now (that) ：解釋新情況
ex. Now I have my car, I don't get as much exercise as I used to.
ex. She's enjoying the job now that she's get more responsibility.
(2)whereas：然而
ex. He must be about 60, whereas his wife looks about 30.
(3)whenever：無論何時
ex. I blush whenever I think about it.

3.關聯連接詞
用來表示兩個相關聯的概念，可以是相似或相反。
ex. I want either the ice cream or the apple pie.
ex. There aren't as many people as I expected.
ex. My dog would rather play in the dirt than swim.
ex. Not only can I sing, but I can also dance.

關聯連接詞表
Not only-but also/ As-as/ Both-and/ Either-or/ Whether-or/ Neither-nor/ Not-but/ Such-that/ Scarcely-when/ As many-as/ Rather-than/ No sooner-than

4.副詞連接詞
使用時會干擾句子的流暢。連接兩個子句時，若使用副詞連接詞，需使用分號(；)
ex. The food arrived late; consequently, it was cold.
ex. The death left him heartbroken; nonetheless, he persevered.

副詞連接詞表
Accordingly/ After/ Also/ Before/ Besides/ Consequently/ Conversely/ Finally/ Furthermore/ Hence/ However/ Indeed/ Instead/ Likewise/ Meanwhile/ Moreover/ Nevertheless/ Next/ Nonetheless/ Next/ Nonetheless/ Otherwise/ Similarly/ Still/ Subsequently/ Then/ Therefore/ Thus